长白落叶松人工林树冠形状的模拟

以长白山地区 2 6a生长白落叶松人工林为研究对象 ,采用枝解析的方法 ,测定了 2 5株林木 (直径 10 5～2 4 9cm)的树冠变量 ,并建立了预测树冠外侧形状的冠形模型。基于枝条着枝深度 (DINC)和林木变量所建立的树冠形状模型包括 :基径、枝长、着枝角度和弦长等预估模型。对于大小相同树木的主要枝条来讲 ,这些树冠变量是随着DINC的增加而增大 ;而林木的胸径 (DBH)和树高 (HT)变量很好地反映了不同大小树木的冠形变化。冠形预测模型预测效果良好 ,充分体现了树冠结构的变化趋势 :树冠形状在树冠的中上部呈抛物线体 ,而在树冠的下部则为近圆柱体。文中所建模型 ,可以合理地描述长白落叶松人工林的树冠形状及其变化规律。     

Effect of tool angles on the chips generated during milling of wood by straight router-bits

 The effect of tool angles on the shapes of chips generated by parallel-to-grain and end-grain milling was explored for China fir and maple under fixed spindle and feed speeds and cutting depth. The milling path was up-milling by straight router-bits with a diameter of 12 mm. The chip shapes could be distinguished as five types: spiral, splinter, flow, thin, and granules or powder. The flow and thin chips were generated most often (on a weight percentage basis) for all tool angles investigated for parallel-to-grain and end-grain milling of China fir and maple. More granule chips were produced with parallel-to-grain milling than with end-grain milling for both woods. The measured chip thickness (t′) was thicker than the calculated thickness (t _max). Thicker and longer maple chips were produced by end-grain milling than by parallel-to-grain milling. The tool geometries of 40°/15° (sharpness of the angle–rake angle), 50°/15°, and 60°/15° for China fir and 40°/25°, 50°/5°, and 60°/5° for maple produced relatively more flow chips with parallel-to-grain milling. Furthermore, the tool geometries of 40°/5°, 50°/15° and 60°/25° produced more flow chips (weight percentage) by end-grain milling of China fir and maple. Received: May 23, 2001 / Accepted: June 28, 2002 Acknowledgment This study was supported by a grant from the National Council of Science, Taiwan (NSC89-2313-B-415-011).     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

西藏色季拉山西坡种子植物花卉资源现状

应用植物群落学的理论和方法,对西藏色季拉山西坡种子植物花卉资源进行调查研究,结果表明:色季拉山西坡有花卉植物52科,133属,219种;菊科和蔷薇科等是这一区域优势科,杜鹃属和忍冬属等是这一区域优势属;急尖长苞冷杉和杯萼忍冬分别是木本乔木类花卉和木本灌木类花卉中资源最优势且分布范围最广的花卉种,草本攀援类花卉呈现出资源相对优势的种分布较狭窄而分布广的种资源量较小的趋势;从垂直高度上看,海拔3 500 m附近的花卉平均物种数最多,海拔4 200 - 4 800 m带的物种多样性最高;花卉物种中有20种中国物     

森林采运系统中原条流最优控制的研究

运用系统分析理论，揭示了森林采运系统中原条流具有时空性、连续性、服务性、可控性和经济性的特征。以与原条流量有关的生产和贮存费之和最小，组织原条运输和贮木场作业均衡生产为目标，运用现代控制理论建立了原条流宏观和微观控制的数学模型。通过实例证明了“两段式运材工艺”比“冬贮夏运（流）工艺”，具有显著的经济效益。     

基于Biolog-ECO技术不同退耕年限苜蓿地土壤微生物功能多样性分析

运用Biolog-ECO技术,分析半干旱黄土丘陵区不同生长年限紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）地和坡耕地土壤微生物功能多样性。结果表明：①在0～15 cm土层,平均吸光值总体变化趋势为生长旺盛苜蓿地显著优于极度退化苜蓿地、退化苜蓿地和坡耕地,坡耕地最差;在15～30 cm土层,平均吸光值总体变化趋势为极度退化...     

西南桦人工林木材纤维形态株内变异研究

为研究西南桦人工林的木材物理力学性能,对其禾材纤维形态进行了测试.结果表明:径向上纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比在髓心处较小,沿髓心向外逐渐增大并渐趋稳定,纤维壁腔比在髓心处较大,沿髓心向外逐渐减小并渐趋稳定;轴向上纤维长度、宽度、长宽比在树根处较小,随树木长高逐渐增大并逐步趋于稳定,纤维壁腔比在树根处较大,随树木长高逐渐减小并逐步趋于稳定.西南桦人工林木材纤维较长,纤维长宽比较大,纤维壁腔比较小,纤维形态表明西南桦人工林木材是适合用于制浆造纸工业的极好原料.     

火炬松材性变异规律的初步研究

对生长于广西南宁地区相同环境下来自美国的１８个种源１０年生火炬松的材性进行了研究。包括：材笥的种源变异。材性的地理变异模式及其与原产地气候因子的相互关系，材性因子间及其与生长因子、形态因子的相关分析。     

鹅掌楸种源材性遗传变异与选择

在鹅掌楸两个种及其杂种多地点７年生种源试验林中,随机抽取３块试验林共２８２株样本,分别遗行木材基本密度（ＢＤ）和纤维长度（ＦＬ）的测定分析,在分布型拟合与精度分析的基础上,进行一般线性方差模型分析,结果为：中国鹅掌楸种源间ＢＤ和ＦＬ均差异显著（a=0.05),５个北美鹅掌楸种源间ＢＤ和ＦＬ未达到显著差异,地点间差异及种源与地点的交互作用不显著,平均值Ｔ检测表明中国掌楸与北美鹅掌楸两种间ＢＤ和ＦＬ均不存在显著差异,鹅掌楸的ＢＤ总均值为0.397g/cm^3,ＦＬ总均值达１.603mm,属于中小密度,长纤维或近长纤维树种,差异分析揭示了种内差异是掌释属的主要变异来源,种内种源间存在选择的遗传基础,性状遗传相关分析认为,鹅掌楸ＢＤ和ＦＬ之间相互不密切（r=0.157),两本材料状与各生长因子间相关亦不密切,说明他们之间基因连锁不紧密,可独立选择。BD种源广义遗传力为H^2BD=0.65,受遗传控制较强,ＦＬ为Ｈ^FL=0.29,受遗传控制中偏弱,两性状年－年间遗传相关密切,在上述分析结果的基础上方３种标准进行了鹅掌楸属材料种源选择,其中,在“强度选择”条件下,选出ＢＤ优良的种源为庐山和桑植,ＦＬ优良的种源为浏阳和赣武夷,均为中国掌楸种源,北美种源虽然与中国种源在总体上不存在明显差异,但多数处于中等水平上,对照杂种夫性系ＢＤ和ＦＬ的均超过鹅掌楸性状总均值,但未超过最好的种源。     

浅析临翔区退耕还林现状与对策

临沧市临翔区自2002年开始实施退耕还林工程，至今已完成0．98万hm^2。因此森林覆盖率提高了12.7个百分点；促进了农村产业结构调整；农民增收。然而还存在着治理模式单一、相关配套工程不落实、权属不清、后续产业发展迟缓等一系列问题。据此提出了今后的对策。